PPSC 2015 LECTURER MATHEMATICS SOLVED PAST PAPERS

























































 

 MANUAL

RESEARCH PROJECT

B.Ed (1.5 Year/2.5 Year)

Course Code: 8613

Name:

Roll No.

Registration No.

Semester:

Region:

Theme: Adaptibility

Sub-Theme: Self management

Topic: Improving self management among secondary level students

DECLARATION

(To be filled and signed by the student and retained by the Controller of Examination)

I ________________________________ Daughter / Son of __________________________

Roll No. _______________________________ Registration No. ______________________, a student of B.Ed Program (1.5 Year / 2.5 Year) at Allama Iqbal Open University do hereby declare that the research project entitled __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ submitted by me in partial fulfillment of B.Ed (1.5 Year / 2.5 Year) program is my original work and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution.

I also understand the zero tolerance policy against plagiarism of the university and the HEC and if my work is found to be plagiarized or copied from someone other’s work at any stage, even after the award of the degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree confiscated.

_________________________________

(Signature of the Student)

_________________________________

(Name of the Student)

Date: _____________________

(Day-Month-Year)

Research Project Submission Approval Form

(To be filled by the student; and signed by the supervisor and the RD)

This research project entitled ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ submitted by (student name) ____________________________________________________ Roll No. _______________________________ Registration No._______________________ Program (1.5 Year or 2.5 Year) ______________________ was conducted under my supervision. I have read it and found it to be satisfactory regarding its originality, content, language, relevancy, consistency, citation and reference list. It is ready for submission for evaluation to Allama Iqbal Open University as a partial fulfillment of B.Ed (1.5 Year / 2.5 Year).

____________________________

(Signature of the Supervisor)

Date: ________________________

(Day-Month-Year)

_____________________

(Name of the Supervisor)

Certified that the student has completed at least 80% attendance and all required components of the workshop.

_______________________

(Signature of the Regional Director)

Name of the School (where the action research was conducted):

Action research was conducted in GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum. Overall background of the participants of the project; area/school: (socio-economic status, occupation/profession – earning trends of majority of the parents, literacy rate, academic quality, and any other special trait of the community where the school is situated) (10 marks)

Ø Background of the Participants:

 

The participants of the study were 7 class students who were enrolled in GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum. I selected 7 class students which consisted in total 25 in numbers. Most of the participants were quite helpful and were matured enough to understand the purpose of my research. In their classroom there were no posters and pedagogical materals for learning English. Most of the students (participants) parents had a medium economic level, so their study did not receive full financial support from family. The interest of the students in the investigation led to their keenness for the task and the interview. As a result, teachers sometimes found it difficult to maintain order among students. Most of the participants faced problems to speak English due to different reasons that I enlisted in my existing action research.

School Area:

Project School was GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum. School building that contains 13 classrooms. According to the school record, there are a total of 356 students in numbers. The total staff of that school was 12, including the principles, clerk, watchman and the teachers. This school system has been appreciated by members of the nearby people, as well as by parents, teachers and other respective members of the community. Quran Majeed was taught since the third class. The school area belongs to the rural area. I found lot of books in the liberary and only 13 PC in the IT lab. The school environment also represents the market within which a school and its leader must position

themselves. The pedagogical approach of the school is to teach the skills and abilities with the student as a center and aims at the integral development of the students. My project school was recently renovated the building. The location of this school is far from the main street. Each classroom shows a list of school values, class rules and a blackboard that shows the learning structure of each day. It makes the teaching and learning process situation work well because the situation is conducive and comfortable.

Ø Socio-Economic Status, Occupation/profession and Earning Trends of Participants Parents

 

I found that large majority of households were living in neuclear family system and the rest of them had joint and extended family. Most of the students resided in "Packa" houses. Then, more than half of the students' parents belonged to the high-income group and less than a quarter of the students, belonged to the low-income group. A small number of parents of students were businessmen, government and private employees. A considerable number of the parents of the participants were well educated. The number of parents of the participants was dedicated to government services, as well as private services, respectively. Their parents were progressive in education, but they were still far from higher education. Parents have high expectations of their children. They show considerable participation in their children's studies by providing facilities for studies and encouraging them.

Topic: Improving self management among secondary level students

1. Why did you select this specific sub-theme and topic? Relate it to your experience / problem in your classroom/institution. (10 marks)

(Give the background and rationale of the study)

Reasons of Selecting This Specific Sub-Theme and Topic

The critical elements of self-management include setting goals, monitoring behavior, and evaluating progress. Examples of self management include self monitoring, self evaluation, and self reinforcement. Self management is important for students life. I study the self management learning strategies in the classroom which is important to help students to learn. I write this research that about self management for some reasons.

Background of The Project:

Self management has several effects on student’s learning and behavior. First, self management directs behavior toward particular goals. Self management also leads to increased effort and energy. Self management determines whether a student will pursue a task (even a difficult one) with enthusiasm or a lackluster attitude (Kumar & Singh, 2013). Adaptability falls under the domain of emotional self-management and is exemplified by a leader being able to work effectively in rapidly changing environments and with diverse groups or individuals.

So below I will tell you why it is important to have a self management in students. The term self management can be defined in different ways. Self-management allows students to follow through on plans to complete assignments, study for tests, and stay focused in class. In adults, it is critical to reaching goals related to learning or life, like developing a new professional skill or achieving a goal (Freeman, 2020). Self-management skills are those characteristics that help an employee to feel and be more productive in the workplace. Such skills as problem solving, resisting stress, communicating

clearly, managing time, strengthening memory, and exercising often are all key examples of self-management skills.

One of the greatest gifts we can give our students is to instill in them a strong sense of self management. In doing this, we enable them to be higher achievers. Self management breeds success. If students believe they can succeed, they will succeed. As teachers, we're in a highly strategic position to instill self management in our students as we teach and interact with them every day. Incorporate creativity as a regular part of class assignments, activities and projects. Your students will experience a huge boost of self management when they're given the freedom to express themselves creatively (McClymont, 2020).

If you feel that your students are in need of a little self management boost in their self-esteem, you can start by using these teaching strategies. Try not to correct every little single thing the student says that is wrong. Setting attainable goals in the beginning of the year is a great way to show students how much they have grown. Give students the opportunity to choose what they learn, this will help them build their self-worth and self management. Be sure to always express a positive attitude at all times. Create opportunities for students to succeed by building on their strengths. Encourage students to do better than they did before. Nurture your students’ strengths, ban harsh criticism, and be a positive role model. When you do these things, along with the suggestions listed above, self-esteem and self management will develop within time (Cox, 2020).

To summarize, the self management can play roles in learning process. Self management is appropriate tool to achieve your goals so we should give us a self management to do thing whether it is difficult or not. Also, self management is the power to do thing as soon as possible. I think that if you don’t have intrinsic self management that comes within, you will don’t also has extrinsic self management.

2. What was your discussion with your colleague/friend/senior teacher or supervisor regarding the problem? (05 marks)

(Provide your discussion with your colleague or supervisor for better understanding of the problem and alternate solutions)

Discussion With Colleagues/Friends/Supervisor

I told them that this study will provide information for parents, educators and school administrator about how to improve students learning and self management at class 7.

I discussed with my colleague, friends, senior teachers and supervisor regarding how to improve students self management at class 7.

I tell them that self management is an important drive in our life. You can say that learning without self management is as food without salt. So each person in this life need self management to continue his/ her life because self management helps us to be more affective on our society. We can do many things in a right road if we have self management. Self management is a powerful to do the best thing in daily life. Building self management in students can help prevent student dropout rates, ensure that kids maintain their love for learning and help them achieve their dreams and goals. High self management is an important factor in improving business ties and balancing personal life.

My supervisor added that if you have enough self management then you won’t be afraid of fears which are imaginary. To have a fearless attitude it is very important that you should have trust and believe in yourself which only comes with the self management that you have in yourself. Further he admitted that you as a student have to take many decision in life, If you have the ability to take correct decision at correct time then you will be able to achieve good things in life and this can only be achieved by self management.

During discussion one of my senior college suggested that a students self management is reflect by his body and his body will only reflect is he has a positive and good

self management in himself and in his mind. So a student should have a positive body language because it will gives a positive message to others about him and will help you as a student to crack interviews and on the other important decisions.

During discussion one of my teacher asked that how can I improve my students communication style? My supervisor repled ways to improve his students oral language skills. He told that encourage students for conversation, model syntactic structure, remind students to speak loudly and articulate clearly and explain the subtleties of tone, attend to listening skills, incorporate a question of the day and compile a class booklet of students' phrases.

3. What did you find about the problem in the existing literature (books / articles / websites)? (10 marks)

(Explore books and online resources to know what and how has been already done regarding this problem)

Review of Literature

Although this review is presented before the report of the cycles of action research, literature was studied throughout the project to gain a greater understanding of the issues and to resource and improve the teaching approach.

Hooda & Devi (2018) defined that self-awareness is the thinking skill that focuses on a child's ability to accurately judge their own performance and behavior and to respond appropriately to different social situations. Self-Awareness helps an individual to tune into their feelings, as well as to the behaviors and feelings of others.

Srimadevi & Saraladevi (2016) found that the child who perceives himself to be able, confident, adequate and a person of worth has more energy to spend on academic achievement and will use his intelligence confident may not come up to the optimum level of attainment. In general, self management refers to an individual’s ability to act effectively in a

situation to overcome obstacles and to get things to go alright. Self management is central to good psychological adjustment, personal happiness and effective functioning in children and adults. Problem solving ability has a significant effect on self management.

According to Doqaruni (2014), the critical elements of self-management include setting goals, monitoring behavior, and evaluating progress. Examples of self management include self monitoring, self evaluation, and self reinforcement. Self-management plans are used to teach students to independently complete tasks and take an active role in monitoring and reinforcing their own behavior. ... Self-evaluation strategies encourage students to set their own goals and compare their current performance as they work towards those goals.

Karimi & Saadatmand (2014) suggested that the success of environmental outcomes and feedback will provide a positive and this led to formation of positive sense of self management and valuable it is students. The necessary knowledge of self management and positive self management and satisfaction with their positive comments and proposes to continue their education, and the school to resolve the issues and their problems persisted and they spend to stubbornness, and finally, the defeat of fear have fewer. In front of the people who frequent your lesson of failure have been having their self management and lost the self management and self management are negative. Therefore, in order to eliminate this issue should carry out successful business people and strengthening their self management so positive of this academic performance has improved by them and upgrade process.

Pandey (2007) suggested that strong self-advocacy skills lead to greater self management, but many students with learning or behavioral challenges may struggle to develop these skills. Emotional support and encouragement are simple and highly effective ways to promote students’ self-esteem and resilience. Fear of failure is a powerful thing. Most people worry at least a little about making mistakes and looking foolish in front of others. Don’t let

fear of mistakes and failure affect your students’ success–intervene early by framing them as learning experiences.

Kohli (2019) suggested one of the best ways to improve self management is to engage kids in various self-esteem activities for students. By boosting self-esteem in students, children who may come from a less than desirable home setting can learn skills that foster a sense of community and respect. By ensuring that a student’s self-esteem is healthy, the environment for learning becomes one where education and learning thrives. Self-esteem activities for students are an excellent way to help boost a child’s self management and increase learning.

Vyas & Gunthey (2017) suggested that give yourself rewards as you practice building your self-esteem. It does not really matter what the reward is as long as it is something that you really value. Thus, on a concluding note, it is rightly said, self management is just a small term for a lot of things. Emotional constraint, empathy, resilience all go into creating the personality that exudes self management. A self-motivated person would know how to say things that are honest with hurting the sentiments of others. A self-motivated person would know how to say things that are honest without hurting the sentiments of others. A self-motivated person also knows how to be heard with complete dignity, when there is a difference of opinion. What all this really takes is practice, but the most important thing is your own belief that you can do better.

Watson (2020) admitted that feedback children receive plays a primary role in developing their self-esteem, especially when that feedback comes from their mentors. Feedback to children should be goal-oriented rather than person-oriented. Avoid assigning value to students with your feedback. Statements like "I'm proud of you" and "You're really good at math" are not only unhelpful, but they can also lead children to develop self-concepts based on praise alone.

According to Dan (2020), fostering can do attitudes and building student’s self management by setting them up for success and providing positive feedback along with frequent praise are essential tools for both teachers and parents. Think about yourself, the more confident you feel, the better you feel about the task at hand and your ability to do it. When a child is feeling good about themselves, it's much easier to motivate them to become academically proficient. Self-esteem is an important component to almost everything children do. Not only will it help with academic performance, it supports social skills and makes it easier for children to have and keep friends. Relationships with peers and teachers are usually more positive with a healthy dose of self-esteem. Children are also better equipped to cope with mistakes, disappointment and failure, they are more likely to stick with challenging tasks and complete learning activities. Self-esteem is needed life-long and we need to remember the important role we play to enhance or damage a child's self-esteem.

4. What was the major variables/construct of your project? Give definitions/ description from literature. (05 marks) (What are the key terms in your topic or study? what do you mean of these terms? What particular meaning you will attach to the term when used in this project?)

Key Terms in the Project/Major Variables:

Variables Used:

Ø Dependent Variable: Self management

Ø Independent Variables: Students Learning

 

Self management:

Self-management, which is also referred to as 'self- control' or 'self-regulation', is the ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviour effectively in different situations. This includes motivating oneself, and setting and working towards personal and academic goals.

Self-esteem

Self-esteem is an individual's subjective evaluation of their own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am unloved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. The self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it. Self-esteem is an attractive psychological construct because it predicts certain outcomes, such as academic achievement.

Adaptability as a skill refers to the ability of a person to change his actions, course or approach to doing things in order to suit a new situation. We constantly change our lifestyles because our world is changing always. When there is shortage of a commodity in the market, we switch our demand to substitute goods.

Student:

A person who is going to school to learn.

Learning

Learning is a process that results in a change in knowledge or behavior as a result of experience. Understanding what it takes to get that knowledge in and out (or promote behavioral change of a specific kind) can help optimize learning.

Academic Performance:

The outcome of education to which a student has achieved his or her educational goals

5. What did you want to achieve in this research project? (05 marks)

(Objective / purpose of the study; what was the critical question that was tried to be answered in this project)

Objective/Purpose Of The Study

Research objectives are more focused than research problems. The objective of academic research, whether by sociologists, political scientists, or anthropologists, is to try to find answers to theoretical questions within their respective fields. In contrast, the objective of applied social research is to use data so that decisions can be made. Following are the statements of research problems and the related research objectives.

1. Describing the importance of self management for students learning.

2. To explore the importance of self management after schools in the student’s professional and social life

3. To examine self management helpful for students in education and studies

4. To give some suggestions on how to develop self management using adaptability among students for better learning

 

Critical Question

The study was guided by the following research questions:

The research questions are based on research objectives. The research questions deal with more detailed aspects of statement of the problem. Answers to research question are resulted from the analysis of the information (data) collected and contain knowledge of patterns, rule, and regularities of the object being studied. To achieve the mentioned objectives, I tried to answer the following questions:

1. Does self management enhance students self management in learning?

2. What are the importance of self management after schools in the student’s professional and social life?

 

 

3. At what extent self management helpful for students in education and studies?

4. How to develop self management using adaptability among students for better learning?

 

6. Who were the participants in your project? (05 marks)

(Give details of the individuals or groups who were focused in this project e.g. the early-grade students whose handwriting in Urdu was not good or the students of class VIII who did not have good communication skills)

The participants of the study were 7 class students who were enrolled in GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum. The participants of this study belong to Mardan. I selected 7 class students which consisted in total 42 in numbers. Most of the participants were quite helpful and were matured enough to understand the purpose of my research. In their classroom there were no posters and pedagogical materials for learning English. A focus group is a group made up of individuals with certain characteristics that focus discussions on a given topic or topic (Anderson, 1990). The study participants were 7 class students who enrolled in GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum. One more problem was that they cannot understand the problem statement or the statement of the question written above the equation. They all had less self management in pronuncing for effective communication. During these days, I had the opportunity to see different activities. During these three cases, I saw less self management among them especially when the teacher was giving instructions or when asked to participate. The teacher gave the instructions for the next class activity where they have to create a poster based on a character from the book or a scene. During the observations, I asked to sit in a chair placed in a secluded place designated by the teacher, and from there I could see most of the classroom. I took notes regarding the student and teacher's activities, and tried to avoid making eye contact or talking with any of the students or the teacher during the observation. The overall performance of all students (participants)

was not enough to speak English compared to other sub-skills. Most of their parents have a medium economic level, so their study has the full financial support of their family. The participants of this study consisted of 30 students of the same age group from 8 to 14 years. The large age indicates the level of maturity of the individuals in that sense, the age becomes more important to examine the response. I noticed that the students were afraid to speak English; (b) lacked vocabulary and (c) was not good at grammar. There were ten weakest students in this class. Although they were public school students, their proficiency level is not that high.

7. How did you try to solve the problem? (10 marks)

(Narrate the process step-wise. Procedure of intervention and data collection)

This answer presents the methods that were employed to achieve research objectives. The answer is structured into research design, location of the study, target population, sampling techniques and sample size, research instruments, of the instruments, data collection and data analysis.

Action Research

Action research encompasses small scale systematic inquiry and contains of a number of stages which frequently persist in cycles. Like planning, action, observation and reflection. This type of research has become gradually widespread all over the world as a method of professional learning. It has been especially well developed in education, specifically in teaching, and is now used broadly across the professions. Classroom action research was separated into two cycles; they were cycle I and cycle II and each cycle contained of four interrelated activities, specifically: Planning, Action, Observation and Reflection. In the present study, data collection was based on following steps.

Method of The Study

The methodology of this research was comprised on an action research to found out and solve the problem. The social phenomenon under scrutiny was how to develop student’s self management for better learning at primary level in grad 5th. Questionnaires, interviews, field notes and observations were used to collect the data needed to provide the information and insight necessary to answer the research questions.

Population

The entire group from which a sample is chosen is known as the population. All the students who were enrolled in GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum was population of this study. It was quite convenient for me being a teacher of that school and a resident of Mardan to accumulate quality data from the chosen school.

Sample

Sample is smaller representation of large whole. Generally, it consists of some of the observations that represent the whole population. In the existing action research grade 10 who were enrolled in GHS. Wagh Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan district Jhelum, was sampled for this study.

Sample Size

The numbers of observation included in a sample is called size of sample. The 40 students of the 7 class were selected for this class based action research.

Research Instrument

Interview schedule is referred to formal meeting between the respondent and the interviewer. In this technique a number of questions were designed according to the requirement and relevancy of researcher being conducted. The questionnaire was prepared to attain study objectives as discussed earlier.

Ethical Considerations

From the inception of this research I was extremely particular to carry out an ethical inquiry and therefore gave serious thought to all ethical aspects this study would entail. Permission to conduct the study was first sought from the principal and school governing body. Permission was sought from school head. The rights of the participants (7 class) were spelled out clearly i.e. they could refuse to be audio recorded and they could demand to see any notes or recordings.

Collection of Data

The term questionnaire is often used interchangeably with survey. It is common and easy method of data collection in action research. Similarly, it is quickest, cheapest, confidential method of collecting data from students. I collected data through well-structured research tool (Interview schedule). So in such type studies, it is very necessary during development of measurement tool for quality data to keep all aspects in mind. Quantitative method was used to get important and meticulous information. Information was collected through questionnaire consisting only close ended questions relative to research objectives. The close ended questionnaire was made for data collection.

The four main phases of the Action Research Cycle

Action Research cycle

Plan

Planning was the first step of the research procedure. I discussed among their critical friends about this action research and will meet the principle and English and Urdu teacher to implement action research plan. Researcher also discuss about data collection procedure (questionnaire) with principle of school and also developed plan to start the research.

Action

After the planning was completed, then the researcher carried out an action. In step first I discussed about action research. Total 20 students were selected by mutual consult with teacher. I interviewed them according to the given instruction. Checklist is collected, after all the students had filled it. Checklist is attached as evidence in Annexure.

Observation

In this classroom action investigation, I acted as an observer. In this study, I observed the situation of classroom during the present action study. I observed the activities of students in teaching learning process in order to know the effectiveness of learning process and whether or not the strategy could improve the students’ class environment. This was an observation step and interest and competence level of students was assessed through the need base assessment documents or checklist.

Following are the main points of the collected data after observation.

1. Students answer the questions according to their interest and competence level.

2. I see about improvement of class environment charts on the wall

3. Studnts were facing English words pronounciation problems and had less self management in this regard

4. Most of the students were eager to improve their self management

5. Students want to learn about improvement of class learning environment

 

8. What kind of instrument was used to collect the data? How was the instrument developed? (05 marks)

(For example: observation, rating scale, interview, student work, portfolio, test, etc.)

Questionnaire

Questionnaires are a convenient way of collecting data from a large number of individuals. In this study, I developed the questionnaire to obtain data on the behaviour of the learners in the classroom.

Rating Scale

A rating scale is a tool used for assessing the performance of tasks, skill levels, procedures, processes, qualities, quantities, or end products, such as reports, drawings, and computer programs. These are judged at a defined level within a stated range. I also develop rating scale to judge student’s performance.

Case Study

A case study is usually an in-depth description of a process, experience, or structure at a single institution. In order to answer a combination of ‘what’ and ‘why’ questions, case studies generally involve a mix of quantitative (i.e., surveys, usage statistics, etc.) and qualitative (i.e., interviews, focus groups, extant document analysis, etc.) data collection techniques. I analyze quantitative data first and then use qualitative strategies to look deeper into the meaning of the trends identified in the numerical data.

Checklists

Checklists structure a person’s observation or evaluation of a performance or artifact. They can be simple lists of criteria that can be marked as present or absent, or can provide space for observer comments. These tools can provide consistency over time or between observers. I also used checklists for effective data collection.

Interviews

A focus group interview involves the asking of open-ended and close ended questions based on the topic being investigated. Through these questions, I prompt the interviewee for detail information regarding my study themes. My role as researcher was to pose the questions and I used the responses of the students to prompt them for more detail if I thought it necessary. The complete interview was audio recorded and the recorder was placed in such a way that everybody could see it.

Observation

Observation is important for subsequent reflection and action. In order to ascertain the level of discipline in the classrooms, I decided on observation as a method of collecting information. In my opinion, observation is an excellent instrument to gain a rich picture of any social phenomenon such as the behaviour of learners in a classroom. In the case of this research, I took care to minimise possible error by verifying the results of the observation by comparing these with the results obtained from multiple data collecting instruments. As an insider researcher, I assigned this role to myself. I could observe the learners and the educators without interfering with their daily classes.

Students Portfolio

Portfolios can be a physical collection of student work that includes materials. I check students portfolio such as written assignments, journal entries, completed tests, artwork, lab reports, physical projects (such as dioramas or models), and other material evidence of learning progress and academic accomplishment, including awards and honours.

Field Notes

Field experiences support candidates to better understand and apply the themes through their work with students. To understand in simple words field notes are draft/rough

notes taking while sitting in a class. So based on these field notes I was prepared my final observation. I also took field notes. Field notes were taken during and immediately after each interview, specifically to identify classroom areas mentioned by English and Urdu teacher during the interviews.

9. What were the findings and conclusion? (Provide instruments and analysis as appendix) (10 marks)

Self management is the belief in your own ability when doing anything, by viewing yourself positively and realistically about yourself and your environment. Self management is a very useful and powerful tool for everyone to achieve goals and fulfill wishes.

Appendix

Scale

1. Often 2. Sometimes 3. Never

Sr. No.

Indicators

Often

Sometimes

Never

1

Self self management be able to make better decision

45%

50%

5.0

2

Self management make you to believe in yourself

55%

35%

10%

3

It is very important to maintain positivity during exams time because it help you to give self management of cracking any type of exams

50%

40%

10%

4

Self management brings academic success among students

45%

50%

5.0

5

Teach students to cope with mistakes and failure create self management among them

50%

45%

5%